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Remember the story of how about two dozen men almost saved the lives of about 25,000 men and women... EACH!

3/27/2017

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Our history books on first reading, inform us that in 17 days, on the 12th of April  but back in 1861, the first shots of the US Civil War were fired. These being at  South Carolina's Fort Sumter, manned by Northern troops, mostly cadets.

A more careful reading of our history however, reminds us that 3 months earlier...on 9 January 1861, the same fort was attacked, sort of,  by the Southern men on Morris Island. From their fort across the harbour, cannon shots were fired at the Norths' ship... "Star of the West" who had attempted to enter the harbour and approach Sumter to resupply.

Many will recall the decade old movie...  GLORY, and the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. (About 3 dozen Canadian men of colour served with this unit.) The movie was about the North's battle to take Morris Island's Fort Wagner... and slaughter of many coloured troops in July 1863.

Shifting focus now, about 300 miles to the north west is Marietta Georgia. And slightly north west another 100 miles is a place called Chattanooga Tennessee. Between these two places there was a major railroad that was critical to both sides of the war. The line was critical for the movement of men, supplies and military intelligence between both centers.

Since several lines converged at the northern end, the taking of the line from the Southerners could result in a massive affect on the entire war. In fact it could have come to a crashing halt... and the saving of some 600,000 lives, and possible years of future battle.

With this, along comes a Northern civilian spy by the name of James Andrews. He sells the idea on the north to give him the authority of sneaking 200 miles into the southern territory with 8 men. They would conduct a daring plan to actually capture a northbound train from the Marietta area, run it north to Chattanooga, cut telegraph lines, burn several bridges, pull up some rail ties and completely cut the connection between the  two centers.

Plans fell apart when one of the crew, in what would become known as Andrews Raiders, got caught while hanging around and waiting  for the other raiders to gather and start the plan. This northern man was pressed into service with the south. Little did they know what the fellow  was waiting to do. Regardless, the plan was to fall apart because he was the only one of the 8 that could drive the train.

So plans were set about to do it a 2nd time. On 12 April 1862 plans had evolved to the point that the train engine, known as "the General," several box cars and passenger cars were seized just north of Marietta. Note the date, one year to the day after the  accepted date, but wrong, for the start of the war at Fort Sumter.  


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Throughout the war there were a number of Canadians that earned their Medals of Honor on the ground shown above. But in the Raiders case the map clearly shows the route taken after boarding their train at Marietta, just north of Atlanta and heading northbound. At Big Shanty, as noted in past blogs, the chase began as the men raced off with the southerners in hot pursuit and only a few miles behind them.
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The story became one of the most exciting in the war. Here we see the locomotive christened as the "General" which pulled the train  along the tracks in an event often referred to as the "Great Locomotive Chase." The men pulled up little track, cut a few telegraph wires, even pulled a few ties and some rail. But the industrious southerners fixed stuff  during the chase and kept on acoming. Above  the men are shown in one of several attempts to burn some bridges. But heavy rains  protected them. The image depicts an actual box car lit with oil in the hopes it would  take the bridge out as well. But the southern men just  drove it out of the way and kept acoming.

Past blogs have told of how the Raiders eventually ran out of firewood, and had to abandon the venture just a few miles from their destination. Earlier stories here also tell how the original group of about 2 dozen were reduced by one falling asleep and not making the breakaway, and I believe a few others not showing up to begin with.

When the train was abandoned the men ran for their lives in the woods. Many were caught, tortured repeatedly and some hung as spies after an incompetent trial. Some later escaped. Finally the remaining six were released, and these brave soldiers made their way to Washington DC to meet with officials to give their reports of the very dangerous venture.

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Newspapers across the country carried the story on March 26 1863 and for a few days later. This one tells briefly some of the story but does not give the names of the six soldiers. It however states that the Secretary of War presented a medal to the six men. It does not state the name of the medal, nor that after the presentation, the soldiers were taking up the street to the War Office where they met, shook hands and had a brief meeting with President Abraham Lincoln.
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As the days went along the story gave more and more details. As noted with this article from NY also dated 26th April 1863.
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These are the images of the first six Medals of Honor recipients ever presented in the US military. At upper left to right are Cpl William Reddick, Cpl William Pitttenger, Pvt William Bensinger, and at bottom L to R are Sgt Elihu Mason, Pvt Jacob Parrott and Pvt Robert Buffum.   All are from Ohio Volunteer infantry regiments.
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Private Jacob Parrott was only 18 when his actions earned him the Medal of Honor, shown above. He was the youngest of the six and thus chosen to be the first to be presented. This medal therefor is the first ever in the history of the medal, to be presented in its 154 year history and about 3,500 medal's. It is inscribed from the Congress, and gives his name, rank and unit but no date of action.

Regular readers of this blog have often read about the constant flow of misinformation about the medal going back to day one, as I shall now show. There are as many reasons as there are years it was awarded.

Here is an important reference tool... a book written about the Medal of Honor, and by the US Adjutant General back in the 1886... possibly the first after the civil war ended, and thus a great resource for researchers. 

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It lists about 630 Volunteers and notes over 1,000 more Regulars noted in the book. Beside each is a column for the date of action, and a date of issue. Regarding the six above I found the following...
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The column re date of action, is not shown above but in its place are the words... "1862 special service under General Mitchell." He being the general who approved the Andrews plan in the first place.

While the above six medals were presented on March 25th, we see from this book that they were not issued...ie... approved with Presidential signature one assumes, until the dates above listed. These being many months AFTER March. Worse yet, the first, Jacob Parrott's approval seems to have not arrived till 30 December. This was nine months later. And in that time there were at least 67  sailors that got the medal, by date of approval, or general order, and who knows how many other army medals to boot.

So, as noted often in the past in this space, whomever got the first depends on how the question is asked. Is it by date of action, date of approval or date of presentation?

This reminds me of something someone once said. The comment was that..."When a man forgets his past, he has no future."   

So, not forgetting our past, lets jump ahead to the year 1990.

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That was the year that Congress noted that public knowledge and respect for the Medal of Honor seemed to have been declining. They therefore called upon the president to issue a proclamation, as shown above, for the creation of a national day of ceremonies and other activities in honour of the men and lone woman who had been awarded the Medal of Honor.

On 15 November it was signed by then serving President George Bush, and was to become effective the following year on 25 March, representing that date back in 1863 when the above 6 received their medals. It however seems to have been limited to that year alone. Though unofficially there has been some recognition for the day of remembrance over recent years as well.

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In the afternoon of 24 March, President Trump hosted an ever so brief meeting with the 25 Medal of Honor men shown above. With some 75 only still with us, many others could not travel due to age, health or other maters.

During the visit the president was given a most recent book about some 200 of the recipients. Most came with autographs. With other meetings scheduled, this meeting was cut short, and on the 25th, for unknown reasons the President chose to go to his Virginia Golf course and held many more meetings there. But while in the Oval Office  he did make a note of a holiday being created for MOH Day, though I have no further details on that yet.

Some presidents have visited Arlington to lay a wreath of the 25th. This year the honour fell to the 25 with two laying the wreath in the president's absence.

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Here we see Vietnam veteran and MOH recipient Mike Fitzmaurice, on the left,  and Afghanistan MOH recipient  Will Swenson being assisted by a Sergeant with the Tomb of the Unknowns' honor guard assisting with the laying of the wreath at the very Tomb, designated  as such  back on 11 November 1921 at Arlington.

Sacred Arlington National Cemetery is the resting place for over 365 Medal of Honor recipients, about a dozen being from Canada, and at least another dozen  Canadian non recipients.

Enough for today!

Next Sunday I will be away of a research trip... but the blog returns the following Sunday... April 9th

Bart

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Latest details just in and laying out the blog has taken more time than expected. It shall appear tomorrow. Sorry folks!

3/26/2017

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March is an important month... Part ll

3/19/2017

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Last week I shared with you some of the latest tidbits sent my way from  a regular follower of these blogs. He had discovered the image, that l brought you of the CSS Georgia. As a result of getting that image I did some digging and came up with the image of the iron rails used during Civil War days on ships that became the first ever "ironclads."

This brought me to sharing more of the story appearing in past blogs about the famous 8-9 March 1862 battle of the CSS Virginia (aka Merrimack) and the USS Monitor at Hampton Roads.

Last week I briefly mentioned that over the years I had found numerous connections with Canadian sailors and even one soldier in this battle. Some were mentioned including the fact that two of the Canadians would later in the war be awarded the Medal of Honor for actions elsewhere.

Many of the current books, websites and more will tell you that Montreal born sailor James McIntosh earned his Medal of Honor during the battle on Mobile Bay. Often referred to as the Fort Morgan battle, it was fought on 4 August 1864.

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This is what most current sources say about the McIntosh medal. But there is more to the story. Like so many other cases, a careful look into the files, and the constant search for the earliest of records often show that dates and times and events even change ever so slightly. But yet enough to clearly tell a different story.
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Captain Jenkins was the ship's Commanding Officer. From the above you can see that he had earlier recommended many sailors for the highest of honors. But at that time gave few details of their actions. In the above report to his superiors, and through them to the Department of the Navy and on up to even higher authority he again recommends the highest of rewards to the men, and even lays out particulars of over 2 dozen so recommended.

At page 458, note very carefully the 2nd line wherein the Captain states that the recommendations are not only for the battle at Fort Morgan but also..."in conflict with the rebels previously..."

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Many of the men listed in the report has served no doubt on several ships. Captain Jenkins included a reference to the USS Cumberland, as seen above in the matter of McIntosh. It therefore seems fair to assume that the actions while on that ship, are included in the actions while on the USS Richmond 2 years later, and for which his medal was being recommended... and awarded.

While this does not make the sailor a double recipient it sure seems to make him an awardee for two different battles.  


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Moving on, this Friday I hope all readers will stop for a few moments to reflect on the entire story of the Medal of Honor. Over the years about 3,500 medals have been awarded for bravery to men, and one woman, from over 30 countries around the world. One in five was born outside of the US.

And to each, a moment to reflect is in order.

It was 154 yrs ago Friday March 25th, that youthful Jacob Parrott, shown above, the youngest of the six escaping members of Andrews Raiders, would be presented with a Medal of Honor by the Secretary of  War. The other five would then also be so honoured and all would then be off for about a 15 minute meeting with President Abraham Lincoln. (A past blog in this space tells how I had shaken President Lincoln's hand... sort of.  About 5 times removed I believe.)

I was most proud and humbled to have the opportunity of interviewing a direct relative of Jacob a few years back and some of that interview was noted in this space previously.

Whilst Jacob was the first to be presented with the medal, a few others earned theirs, before the Raiders. The very first by date of action, was Doctor Bernard JD Irwin, an Irishman, who spent his last days of life in Ontario. 

Back next Sunday...

Bart

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March is an important month for US military and for women internationally.

3/13/2017

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Just over a century ago one of the largest unions in the United States, and indeed the largest with female membership, was the NY based Ladies Garment Workers Union. And they'd had enough!

They were so upset with working conditions in their shirtwaste trade that they walked off the job. A few thousand soon became 20,000 on strike in a trade  only  employing about 32,000. A few days picketing would become 14 weeks on the streets of NY.

Conditions would soon improve, and one of the results was the creation of what was originally called the Women's Workers Day.  For several years it would be celebrated on the last day of February.

Word would soon travel to Europe, and at Copenhagen a conference of working women saw attendance from representatives form several countries. One of the outcomes of this was the settling of a day international that would be set aside to recognize the very valid causes they were championing.

Then in 1917 a four day strike in Europe was held to recognize some 2 million Russian soldiers who lost their lives during WWl. That event started on 23 February. A resolution soon came forth to set aside that day annually, for celebration. But the 23rd soon had morphed into March 8th, with the switching of the old Julian to the Gregorian Calendar.

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Just a few days ago, women, and hopefully men, around the world celebrated what is today known as International  Women's Day, on the 8th. And as clearly shown above, many of these women wore the uniforms of their countries.

Many years ago women decided that a day was not enough time to properly remember the incredible accomplishments of the fairer sex, and so they created a week around the 8th and it became known as Womens History Week in the US. In  the early 1980's President Carter made the week official Thirty years ago this month, the week was turned into Womens History Month in the US.  (Canada celebrates it in October.)
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Three years ago the people of the Philippines created this incredible sign of Venus in honour of their women and those around the world. Guinness actually listed the accomplishment that occurred at Rizal Park by the Philippine Commission on Women. They needed only 250 women to participate and enter the book's records. Guinness says they had 10,168. I only counted 10,135... hehe.

Moving on to the less fair sex, Mike, a longtime friend and great supporter of my research work sent me a most interesting picture a few weeks back. Investigating the image further, led me by complete fluke... right back to March 8th... but this time is was in the year 1862.

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This is a sketch of one of the Civil War Southern Confederate States warships. It was called the CSS Georgia and was built very early in the war.

My interest is not so much in the ship or its history but in its construction. Note that the portion above water line consists almost entirely by the tapered top that looks like a barn or other structure, with exception of those deadly cannons sticking their dangerous ends out the windows. During the war this vessel was scuttled (sunk) by the south,  because they  were afraid the north would capture it and use it against them.

The story that Mike found and sent along, is that recently parts of the ship have been located and brought to the surface. And this is what got me excited. And this shows why... 

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What you see here are actual railroad tracks of iron. The exterior of the "barn" shown above is covered by at least one... if not two layers of these bars of metal.

The ships of the day were wooded hulled, and of course above the water line as well.

A ship like the CSS Georgia, with this metal protection is almost impenetrable by the wooden decked enemy warships, who in turn, become sitting ducks.


No mater what the older designed vessel threw at  the newer IRONCLADS, as they became known, the shells usually could not penetrate the rail line protection. And because of the angles of the housing for the weaponry, most shells simply bounced away doing no harm whatsoever. (Not including the eardrums of those inside.)

With this construction in mind, let's turn to the other March 8 of interest to this blog. Again the year was 1862. One of the most famous naval battles during the CW is recognized as having occurred on the 9th. But deeds of the day before are as important.

The Union forces knew that the South were building a ironclad and were in a race to see who would first float one. The south won and on the 8th created real havoc in the waterway near Chesapeake Bay in what is known as Hampton Roads.

Many Union ships were grounded, by this Confederate Ironclad named CSS Virginia, (but often called the Merrimack in error.)  Some received major damage and the USS Cumberland, a state of the art top of the line WOODEN HULLED union warship was sunk in less than 10 minutes with a loss of over 100 men, some 1/3rd of her crew. 

Then from around the bend, on her first mission ever... came the Union's answer to the Virginia. And it was called the USS Monitor.  That story has been told often in this space. The gist being that the two ironclads chased each about for hours, huffed and puffed and then getting bored of each other went back into their own corners. They returned the next day, but the gist of that was more of the same, some minor damages and both going off, and for a variety of reasons, never facing each other again.

Over the past several years I have found several Canadian connections to these 2 days of conflict.


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This is the CSS Virginia (aka Merrimack). Not visible above the water line is a large prob that extends the length of the vessel even more than shown. It was this underwater prob that was slashed into the side of the Cumberland and left a hole about 7 feet across that caused the rapid sinking.

After one of the two cannons at above left, probably the front one, was fired the officer called for a sponging of the barrel. The fellow had to jump over some materials and ended up sticking his head out of the port to get the job done. At the same time a marine sniper on-board the Cumberland was waiting for just such an event, fired of one round and hit the Southerner in the head, instantly killing him.

He was the first of only 2 southerners that died on the Virginia during the first day of battle. And he was from New Brunswick Canada. Another sailor on board was from Ontario. Two Americans on board would later become prominent citizens in Nova Scotia. 

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Here is an image of the USS Monitor. It had a turret that could also rotate in any direction. History records that only one Medal of Honor went to a crew member of this ship. That went to an American who was actually steering the ship. But a careful check of several sources say there was another MOH for service... in part... on this ship, but that comes next week.

And there is a third. In another event after this battle, a Monitor crew member probably from Quebec, was aboard  when the Monitor was sunk. He was saved from drowning by an American sailor from yet another vessel. That sailor was later awarded a MOH.

During the battle at Hampton Roads there was at least one other Canadian I found who was serving in  one of the shore batteries and firing into the fray on the 8th and 9th.

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This is the ill-fated USS Cumberland that lost so many good men within minutes of facing the Virginia on March 8, 1862. There were at least two Canadians on board this vessel who survived Hampton Roads and went on in the war to earn Medals of Honor. One was from Newfoundland and the second was from Montreal.

And the Montreal fellow is the subject of my blog next week.

Hope to see you then,

Bart

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Blog awaiting an update, and should appear in Monday, sorry folks

3/12/2017

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Some feedback, Part Two...

3/1/2017

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As you are probably aware, I regular scan the net for materials related to the MOH and connections to the Canadian side of the Medal of Honor story. Recently I came across a great web article in late November from Muriel Smith in New Jersey.

it told a fascinating story about a recipient who almost became a double recipient. My interest was not only in the potential double status, but also that he was involved in the Spanish American War cable cutting incident of which regular readers have read much here, over the past four  years.

The hero of the story was a sailor named Robert Blume. While very familiar with the cable cutting activities, the November article said that Blume almost got a 2nd medal. I will be researching this more, and addressing it further down the road.

Though the article gave brief mention to others who were awarded the MOH, no names from Canada were in the story. It however was wonderful to see that Mrs. Smith  noted how many medals actually were awarded to foreign born recipients. 

I emailed the Atlantic Highlands Herald, who carried the story and asked to be put in touch with the author. I wanted to discuss the double event, and provide some input on the Canadian involvement in the same battle. I also wanted to thank her for also acknowledging that so many of the recipients of the medal were actually non American born. A point usually missed in most media coverage on the high honour. 

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Over the years I have often emailed the press re articles and ask that they be passed on to the authors, or corrections made as needed etc. But most of the time the emails seem to be ignored.

But this one wasn't !

In very short order I received a response and the writer and I have exchanged a few emails since.  She has also done a great follow-up article in the same paper/website and it can be read at....  http://www.ahherald.com/columns-list/history-and-happenings/23640-highlands%E2%80%99-chief-blume-and-canadian-heroes (If this fails,  just google... Highland's Chief Blume and Canadian Heroes.) The author and I have agreed to disagree about a comment I made in an earlier blog regarding the border agents and not allowing some Canadian entry during the inaugeration weekend. So if you go to their site, ignore the last line in the story. hehe

I have mentioned in past blogs that the actual Blume medal was in Canada with a collector at one point, but he then decided to break the law by trying to sell it and another... to an FBI agent. One suspects he won't try that again. However, the FBI very kindly provided me with several photo's of both medals. One is show above, but is difficult to read. It gives his name, rank, notes the cable cutting incident, date and place of action as well.

Moving on to another topic, a few weeks back a long time supporter of my work emailed me from Australia, I do believe. He commented on a recent point I made in  a blog about the famous... or should I say infamous 1917 Purge of over 900 Medals of Honor. A matter written about often in this space.

He correctly stated that the results of the Purge did not actually kill the medals issues, but in a round about way, removed the names of the recipients from an Honor Roll and one that, if not listed, precluded some benefits, such as a military pension. I wrote back agreeing but adding that the original instructions were to have all of the mentioned medals returned. I however also added that there being no provision in the flawed legislation that permitted any enforcement action. I also said that being de-listed ultimately led to lists being created that to this day no longer refer to a former recipient as being a recipient. Regardless of the law that says he is still a recipient.

On that note, here is a paragraph from a blog back in 2013 on point...  


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During Civil War days when the medal was created, there were no other medals and so, regardless on the extent of bravery, all got the same medal. At the time of the Purge, much higher standards, no doubt necessary and very much overdue, were put in place with regards to bravery and being nominated for the MOH.

In fact a new pyramid of bravery medals was established, that today could fill your chest. But from 1861 to 65... and much later... there was only one. And the President of the day had the authority to make the award. What the Purge did was  to challenge what an earlier president did, and enforced new rules, with newer attitudes, on those who had been lawfully awarded and wore the medals with pride for half a century.

There is ample evidence that even the five Generals knew what they were being ordered to do was not only illegal, and insulting but ridiculous. But to this day it seems the matter remains to be challenged by the very people and organizations that promote its worthiness.

Looking back to CW days, and the 27th Maine, well covered here in the past, the newspapers of the day were screaming for recruits. This, at the very time that the President and Secretary of War pleaded with 2 regiments to stay after their terms of service were up because of potential disaster  for the Union if they lost the battle at Gettysburg.

They made promises, within their powers, and some stayed behind and ultimately got medals as promised. Problem was that bureaucrats screwed it up by sending medals to all in the regiment. Then in 1917  all those entitled... and those not...  were told... you can no longer have that or wear it. If you do you might go to jail. While the later should not have gotten them, laws said that there was a way  to resolve it in the courts. But  government decided they will just do it another way. Regardless of the law of the day... and to this one.

Lets look at some adds of the day to further prove the point... 

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Search old newspapers and you will find this add in papers nationwide.  It clearly says... at the very time of the 27th Maine and its medals... that they will also award them to others that stay after their term of service elapses. Such terms could have been from short term regiments of 30, 60 or 90 days or longer ones of maybe 1 or 2 or 3 yrs.

Government was having a problem getting men to sign up and the adds tell you that these promises were made repeatedly to induce enrollment. Such promises surely would have had to have originated in the very office of the President.

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Newspapers throughout the war carried adds for more men to enlist in the military. Adds such as these are found in many newspapers of the day. If you missed the adds you no doubt saw the posters around town halls, government offices and military establishments.

Somewhere I have an add that even promises MOH's to those who simply enlist... till you read the very fine print.  These solicitations for service started to offer a few bucks and then gradually increased in many cases to well over $1,000. Hard to read, but the above news add offers $50 to sign up, while on the right, only $10 is offered.

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Here we see an infantry unit on left and center and a Cavalry unit at right. Both ends offer $100  to join up, and only $90 in the center.
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The New Jersey infantry unit of the left is offering $266 bonus  to married men and about half that to single men, while at the right a NY  infantry unit is offering  a bonus of $550 if you re-enlist.

In Civil War days $300 would be enough to buy you a farm, and was huge pile of money to send home to family while you were away, and perhaps never coming home again.

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$438 could be yours for signing up in the mounted infantry regiment at left and $402 in the cavalry unit on right. Often you see adds telling how you could make more money by bringing your own horse along with you.

Above, you also see an add for Substitutes. There are many who could or would not serve for a variety of reasons. If able to, they could actually enter a contract with another fellow to go off to war in his place, and he would pay the volunteer whatever the going rate of the day was.

Many a creative soldier would sign up, get a bounty, and then desert. Go to the next town along the road, sign up with another outfit, desert again, get more bounties, and keep going till he got caught and sent to jail, or perhaps even shot for desertion. There are a few major bounty jumpers, one said to have served in OVER 90 Regiments, and deserting.

One of the more well known cases of someone hiring another to go off to war in his stead as a substitute was a fellow named Abe Lincoln. That story has appeared in this space in the past.

Well, I think that is enough for today. Don't forget that there will be no blog this weekend, but I will be returning for the March 12th blog,

cheers,

Bart

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    Author;
    Bart Armstrong, C.D.,
    Recipient, Sovereign's Medal for Volunteers 

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